OPERATING SYSTEMS
To try to understand the requirements of an operating system and the significance of the main features of a contemporary operating system, it is useful to consider how these have evolved over time.
There are different approaches or versions as they have evolved Operating Systems The first of these versions could be this:
In the 40's, bitwise programs are introduced, through mechanical switches and then the working machine language introduced by punch cards.
With the first computers from the late 40s to mid 50s, the programmer interacted directly with the hardware of the computer, there was not really an operating system; the first computers used bulbs, data entry and programs are conducted through the machine language (bits) or through switches.
During the 50's and 60's.- In the early 50's, the company's General Motors implanted the first operating system for IBM 170. They begin to punched cards which allow users to arise (which at the time were programmers, designers, entry clerks, etc.), take care to modify their programs. Establecian or deviated time metian or entered their programs, corrected and scrubbed their programs at the time. This was called serial work. All this resulted in lost time and times of excessive programs.
In the 60's and 70's the integrated circuit is generated, jobs are organized and Batch processes are generated (batch), which is to identify common work and perform them all together at one time. At this time the tape drives and program loader, which is considered as the first type of OS arise.
In the 80's, I start INTERNET boom in the United States of America. In the late 80's began the boom and evolution of Operating Systems. The concept of multiprogramming that involves having loaded into memory to several jobs at the same time, the main theme of today's operating systems is discovered.
The 90's and the future, we entered the era of distributed computing and multiprocessing through multiple computer networks, using the processor cycle.
It will have a dynamic configuration with instant recognition device and software anada or delete networks through registration processes and pagers.
The connectivity is facilitated by open standards and protocols by organizations such as the International Organization standards, open software foundation, everything will be more controlled by the OSI communication protocols and network services ISDN digital systems.
Has developed another version, which has been based on stages or generations:
1a. Stage (1945-1955): Bulbs and connections.
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After unsuccessful efforts of Babbage, there was little progress in the construction of digital computers until World War II. Halfway through the decade of the 40's, Howard Aiken (Harvard), John Von Newman (Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton), J. Eckert and R. Williams Prespe Mauchley (University of Pennsylvania), also Conrad Zuse (Germany), among others managed to build machines calculation using bulbs. These machines were huge and filled entire rooms with tens of thousands of bulbs, but they were much slower than the most economical home computer in our days.
All programming is carried out in absolute machine language and often connections are used to control the basic functions of the machine. Programming languages were unknown (even assembly language). No oia Operating Systems usual mode of operation consisted of the programmer reserved certain period on a sheet of reservation against the wall, was the fourth of the machine, inserted his connection to the computer and spent a few hours hoping that none of 20,000 or more bulbs are burned during the execution. The vast majority of the problems were straightforward numerical calculations, for example, calculating values for tables of sines and cosines.
At the beginning of the decade of the 50's the routine I improve a little with the introduction of punched cards. It was then possible to write programs and read instead of inserting links, so other process was the same.
2a. Stage. (1955-1965): Transistors and Batch Processing Systems.
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The introduction of the transistor in the mid 50s radically modified the landscape. Computers became reliable so that they could be manufactured and sold to customers, with the hope that they continue to function well enough to perform work in shape.
Given the high cost of equipment, it is not surprising that people sought by fast as other ways to reduce the time invested. The solution that usually I was adopted, was the system of batch processing.
3rd Stage (1965-1980): integrated circuits and multiprogramming.
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The IBM 360 was the first main line of computers that use integrated circuits, which provided a great advantage in price and performance with respect to the second generation machines built from individual transistors. We worked with an enormous and extraordinarily complex operating system. Despite its huge size and its problems the operating system of the IBM 360 line and like this generation operating systems produced by other manufacturers of computers might actually meet in a reasonable manner to most customers. They also popularized several key techniques absent from the operating systems of the second generation, of which the most important was that of multiprogramming.
Another feature was the ability to read the cards work to disk as soon as he got to the fourth computing. Thus always to conclude a working operating system could load a new job in the partition disk was left vacant and run.
The 4th Stage (1980-Present): Personal computers.
An interesting development that began to take place in the mid-eighties decade has been the growth of personal computer networks, network operating systems and distributed operating systems.
In network operating systems, users are aware of the existence of several computers and can connect to remote machines and copy files from one machine to another. Each machine runs its own local operating system and has its own user.
By contrast, a distributed operating system is one that appears to its users as a traditional single processor system, even if is composed of multiple processors. In a distributed real system, users need not be aware of where your program to run or where your files are located; this should be handled automatically and efficiently by the operating system.
