INTRODUCTION TO THE NEW TECHNOLOGIES

Technology such as area of activity of human beings, seeks to solve

individual and collective problems and needs by

technical construction systems, and used for this purpose resources

society in which it is immersed.

There is no doubt that the acceleration has occurred in developing

technology in the twentieth century. This process determines the need

training in this field, to put in the hands of the citizen

resources to be an active agent in this process, either

as a consumer or producer innovations agent. so

It has been understood in recent decades an increasing number of countries

to incorporate this knowledge into the curriculum of compulsory education.

Here, contents are incorporated relative to the New

Technologies, given the increasing presence of these in the

society through the following topics: Technology

Information, Communication Technologies, Control and Robotics and

Electricity and Electronics, which constitute about

half of the total curriculum area.

Technology area should contribute significantly to the

acquisition and development of some of the most important capabilities

that are targets of compulsory secondary education, relative,

especially with:

- Cognitive capabilities.

- Capabilities that contribute to manual dexterity.

- Capabilities personal balance and interpersonal relationship.

- Capabilities integration into working life, and through

an innovative attitude, allow both understanding the

objects such as intervention on them when it comes to

seek solutions to existing problems.

Also calls for the use of new technologies

Information as tools to explore, analyze, exchange

and present information. Therefore we can understand that the area

Technology is built around a binomial knowledge-action,

where both must have a specific gravity equivalent. continuous

material handling without the necessary expertise

We can lead to mere activism and, just as a

teaching-learning process purely academic, lacking

experimental manipulation and construction, can lead to a

technological useless encyclopedic.

From these assumptions, the need arises activity

methodology that relies on three principles:

1 is essential to the acquisition of skills

and scientists necessary for the understanding and development

technological activity

2 This knowledge acquired instead if applied to the analysis

existing technological objects and their possible manipulation

and transformation, without forgetting that this analysis should be

framing transcending the object itself and integrating it into the

social and cultural context of the time in which it occurs.

3 possibility of emulating troubleshooting processes

becomes kick of this learning and acquires its dimension

Full supported in the two previous activities.

Also, when this activity is done in the form of work

equipment, the qualities necessary for the future will be developed

professional work within a group. In the same vein

intended that students become aware of the need to

respect the rules of safety and hygiene contributing actively

a safe and enjoyable environments work.

The driver of the Technology curriculum area in ESO thread are

hinges on the development of scientific and engineering principles

necessary for methodological action described above is

say, giving argument supports the corresponding actions

analysis and projection. The sequence was determined by the

internal logic, the degree of maturity of the students and the interrelationship

concepts. Ten conceptual areas are defined, to be

simultaneously developing along the stage.

1 Technology and Society.

2 Materials for technical use.

3 Techniques of expression and graphic communication.

4 Energy and its transformation.

5 Structures and mechanisms.

6 Electricity and electronics.

7 Information Technology.

8 Internet and virtual communities.

9 Communication technologies.

10 Control and Robotics.

The selection of content must be twofold; for

hand, those that define a way of thinking, structuring information

and to seek solutions and, in particular, solutions that

Technology can make to the advancement of the Company. In search

of these solutions, students should use the entire body of knowledge

and skills acquired in other subjects, in addition to

Technology specific area. On the other hand, the rapid evolution

on technological solutions and the need to know them, understand them

and to use, requires flexible selection, so

that fit the context, the student, available resources and

own technology solutions every time. the latter

aspect becomes even more apparent in the conceptual areas related

with New Technologies (Electricity and Electronics,

Information Technology, Internet, Communications Technology,

Control and Robotics).

TECHNOLOGY AND ITS IMPACT ON OUR LIVES

The emergence of the Internet was a big change in society in general and gave each a new way of looking at life and do things. I think it's one of the greatest inventions in history because it was something that revolutionized developed societies.

Before, for example, to obtain any information had to go to the library and consult manuals or books. Today, everything is on the Internet (information instantly watch movies, listen to music, talk, play their own work ...) and saves considerable time to perform tasks (eg shopping), because you can do from home just "click".

Therefore, if you ask me how the Internet affects our daily lives, tell them that is basic in it, continually used and spent many hours a day online. Seeing this situation it is logical that our relationships have been modified and have changed. We can be in continuous relationship with our friends and even to see and hear in real time without having them in our front, you could say that the distances become shorter.

We must also recognize that not everything on the Internet is good. For example, there is too much information and much of it wrong, therefore we must be prepared to be critical and have a good capacity for synthesis. You can also become addictive and can cause deficiencies in other areas of our life (go out, play sports ...).

Despite these negative issues, Internet, has become a very useful and advantageous tool, the question is how to use it.

technology

All use technology actually reading this post you must be connected to the Internet, which conditions us to be a little more appreciative of it, but out of gratitude and words of good practice, it is interesting to reason and how technology affects in our lives.

Those who support the impact has been negative argue among their main reasons the contribution of technology to global warming, the creation of new chemical compounds with uncertain effects on life and health, the invention of weapons of mass destruction. These are situations that can not be ignored, but the underlying theme of this post is the rapid evolution of technology and the staff is at this point that the most dissatisfied believe technology has resulted in excess choice, so same, excess complexity, the amount of ringtones to choose from online newspapers to which believe, the number of new entertainment devices as max wii, ipod, etc., all these puzzles and far from simplifying our lives.

Those who are in favor believe that complexity is itself changes, but necessary part of the optimization, above all when computers, printers, telephones, etc. not work as expected or not we make them work properly. In these cases the sense of chaos seems overwhelming, perhaps the biggest problem here is there; intolerance errors causing great frustration in our society and this adds to a technological evolution.

The adoption of any technology is a conscious act of adding complexity to our lives. But soon it adds new complexities, the success of the technology is capable of, at least, damp and sometimes completely eliminate the increased complexity that existed before ?, How to leave some examples;

Riding a hearing aid ear daily adds complexity, but the benefit of being able to hear significantly better makes life easier. Stay connected to your text messaging through your phone, allows you to manage or supervise your work while sharing time with your children. By examining your life in general, there should be no doubt that technology has simplified many aspects of their existence, no more unnecessary for the bank or certificates can be obtained through Internet ranks, and many other options you can explore each question using a computer, technology is allowing us to live your life as you want and when you want, in ways that were never before possible.

To say that technology is not to simplify our lives misses the point of view that in the last twenty years we have lived in a time of dizzying innovation. The pace of change is slower today and thankfully industries reduce sizes and simplify operations at a rate that is hard to keep up, it seems that technology and design come together with the arts unprecedented harmony so that not only our lives are simplified, if not the most important thing is the satisfaction

In the course of evolution of society worldwide, there have been various aspects that inevitably influence the behavior and mindset of the individual, such as scientific research and today's technological advances, which govern some how ideology and human behavior. This is how social models that set the trend for new values originate assumptions.

Without doubt, science and technology have had an impact on society, as they have set trends, fashions and important events in different countries, so that set the course of history and influence of different ideologies peoples. This impact has affected positively and negatively in social events in the development and evolution of mankind.

Regarding the positive effects on our social environment, science has made great strides as medical breakthroughs to cure diseases through the discovery of new vaccines and treatments, as well as research and development of new drugs. In the field of industry and commerce have created new models for optimizing production processes based on strategic planning and new management techniques

Technology has brought great benefits to humans, since the invention of machines and devices for the detection and diagnosis of diseases in the field of medicine, the creation and improvement of tools and accessories that are useful to simplify the work at home, especially after entering the elemental power as a means to satisfy needs. Also in the business area has evolved with the introduction of technological innovations in their processes.

The management of information and communication have undergone great changes, first the telephone and telegraph think, besides the traditional postal system, which were the basic means of rapid communication effectively for many years. After the eighties the computer as the most complex and efficient to process data, which has continued to evolve into creating a global network of connected computers, known as Internet media grows.

How computer viruses originate?

virus

They are everywhere in the Red Infect., Replicate and make us puñeta.

We must protect our computers with antivirus programs attacks. Programs that must be renewed

continuously as do the viruses themselves and their mutations, in a spiral that does not really know where it will end.

If it ever does.

But ... when and how it started all this stuff from viruses, worms, Trojans and other computer "critters"?

In 1949, John von computer Beumann published an article titled Theory and organization of complex automata

which stated that a computer program could reproduce. Picking up this idea, some employees

Bell Labs Computers (H. Douglas Mellory, Robert Morris, Victor Vysottsky and Ken Thompson) devised a

-at game called Core Wars- in which two programmers conceived self-replicating programs, which introduced

in the computer opponent. There was more than sit back and watch these units of software

competed to make faster computer control. The program formerly occupied all RAM

was the victor.

In 1972 he made his appearance Creeper, the first virus recognized as though he was not yet called virus. He attacked

IBM machine Series 360. This program featured regularly in the display: "I'm a creeper ...

catch me if you can! "(I'm a creeper ... hold me if you can!). To eliminate this problem was created the first

antivirus program called Reaper (cutter).

In 1986, computer Fred Cohen coined the term computer virus and gave the first mathematical definition

term rigorous in his doctoral thesis. Something like: "a program capable of infecting other programs

modifying them to insert a version of himself, maybe even modernized ".

On November 2, 1988, a college student named Robert T. Morris released his infamous Morris Worm

(aka Internet Worm), the first issue of self-replicable malware that affected

Internet. For a few hours, approximately 10% of all Internet machines were affected by it.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Curiosities of Science and Life.

The "Moore's Law" states that microprocessors double their power and capacity every 18 or 24 months. This law is fulfilled since it was enunciated in 1965 by Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel. The silicon chip based microprocessor was invented by Jack Kilby in 1958. This law could not imagine in 1943 Thomas Watson, chairman of IBM, who considering the cost and complexity of a computer dared to say: "I think that the world is no market for about five computers at most. "

The entropy is a quantity that gives us the degree of disorder or chaos in a system. Chemical or physical reactions have the property that occur only in the sense that increases or entropy is preserved. The entropy increases with volume and temperature. In general, it is common that things tend to go wrong and not arranged alone: The entropy of the world. The second law of thermodynamics asserts saying that the disorder of an isolated system should increase over time or at most remain constant. That is, if something is ordered is because it receives external power to the system. For example, we see that on Earth plants and animals are born, they are pretty neat shapes of molecules and atoms. This is because thanks to that plants use energy from the sun (external power source) and animals use energy from plants or other animals. Thus, we can ensure that the entropy of the Sun increases at times. The first law of thermodynamics is that which states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed.

Iridium is the world's heaviest metal and one of the scarcest. A cube of 30 cm. aside weigh 650 kilos. It is yellowish white, melts at 2,440 degrees Celsius, is very durable, chemical symbol and atomic number 77. Go It was discovered in 1803 by chemist Smithson Tennant.

At an altitude of 10,000 meters (height at which planes fly), atmospheric pressure is 4 times less than at sea level and the temperature reaches 55 degrees Celsius.

Under normal conditions and at sea level the air weighs 1.2928 grams per liter. Note that at higher altitudes, air and weighs less than warm air is lighter than cold and dry air is lighter than the wet. The latter, although it may be counterintuitive is clear on weather maps when good weather (dry air) is marked with anticyclones (high pressure zones, more pressure because the dry air is heavier). Moreover, bad weather (humid air) is marked with storms (areas of low pressure, moist air weighs less and thus exerts less pressure). Therefore, the humidity decreases in density. By humidity means the water vapor content in the air and not liquid water droplets in suspension (as in the clouds or fog). Humidity can be measured with a psychrometer, a device with two thermometers (dry and wet) or with a hygrometer, a device that records the change in length of a hair grease (the hair is longer if it is wet and blond hair is more sensitive). There currently hygrometers based on other properties of bodies.

In a compressed air bottle used by divers of 15 liters at normal pressure (atmospheric pressure, 1 atm) was introduced reach 3,000 liters of air at 200 atmospheres (200 times normal atmospheric pressure at sea level) . At sea level pressure is 1 kilo per cm2.

A barometer is a device for measuring atmospheric pressure. Basically consists of a U-shaped tube partly filled with a liquid (usually mercury), open at one end and closed at the other, with the vacuum in the latter end. The higher atmospheric pressure, increased pressure will be in the liquid at the open end and this fluid will push down on that side and up in the closed end. This also serves to predict the weather, since low pressures indicate bad weather (storms) and high pressures indicate good weather (anticyclone).

Air flows from regions of high pressure (anticyclones) to regions of low pressure (storms) in a curved path on the surface of the Earth due to the rotation of the Earth. For example, if an anticyclone in the North and South a storm, the air going from North to South and on his way, as the Earth rotates eastward and with it also rotates the storm, the air will increasingly eastwards, turning in the opposite direction to clockwise. If the air circulating from south to north direction of rotation would be to clockwise and this characteristic of the southern hemisphere and the other in the northern hemisphere. These deviations are due to the rotation of the Earth and not to any particular force. However, sometimes this effect is said to be due to the Coriolis force, by French scientist Gaspard Coriolis (1792-1843).

Tornadoes occur when two air masses, a cold (above) and one hot (below) meet. Then, the hot air rises and cool down, forming eddies of air that can be very dangerous. In the movie "Tornado" (Twister, 1996) the chilling effects of a large tornado tell fictional.

Chlorine is one of the most environmentally damaging chemicals: It is a deadly poison if it is thrown into the sea or rivers. Just look near some paper mills that use chlorine to bleach paper. Furthermore, a single molecule of chlorine released into the atmosphere destroy 10,000 ozone molecules.

PORTABLE TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

One of the most pronounced trends of today is toward mobile computing, using laptops calls, better known as "Laptops".

In this work the following I will try to explain the main issues about these small and light computers.

Types of laptops, battery types and their importance are defined. I mention screens, types and care.

We may also see the description of input devices and output, PC cards and slots, storage devices and processing.

Present connections to a portable device, where the different types of cyto ports portable and can be connected thereto.

I hope this work will be of great interest.

The Notebooks

The laptop is a small, lightweight device that can take anywhere.

The laptop has a keyboard and a built-in screen. This eliminates cables to connect these elements.

The laptops are among the few high-tech products manufactured in mass offering customers the opportunity to choose the features that require it. The Laptops, including those with industrial power, the smaller to carry around notebook type, and a race evolving microlibretas, are widely popular among a large number of users that want a computer that does everything, with batteries. Experts say that now, when consumers buy a second computer, an important point is whether it can go with them from the kitchen to the bedroom, and from there to the edge of the pool. Indeed, the remarkable reduction in size, weight and price has caused a steady increase in the popularity of "portable", a change that was evident during the last six months, when sales declined desktop models so drastic.

In the field of portable products, as in most of the appliances in the marketing of electronic products offered to consumers, manufacturers are trying to exploit the need for adaptability offering different levels of machines, designed to extend the desire of rationality budget to a search regardless of the price of the Fastest, Lightest and Most Elegant. To this add details to expensive models, priced at 2,500 to $ 3,000, offering great flexibility and graphics capabilities and are able to rival the most capable desktop computer systems.

And they are lowering the prices of machines midlevel that just three years ago could have cost two or three times, offering machines with processor 800 megahertz, 129 megabytes of RAM, and hard drive 10-120 gigabytes, priced from 1,300 up to $ 2,000. The powerful high memory machines are literally the dream of every user of video games, and are also suitable for handling information-rich applications such as manipulating digital photographs or that advanced program to burn Compact Discs.

Manufacturers are also offering new models for those who just want to explore the Internet or process some texts, for less than $ 1,000.

A Little History

In the figure on the left is the first laptop suitcase weighing 13 kilos called Osborne 1 is shown.

The Osborne-1 was first shown at the Fair of Computers on the West Coast of California in April 1981. His memory was 64K, had a monochrome display 25 x 52 characters that measured 5 inches and had two units 5.25 inch disk (disks could store up to 91K each). Had a RS-232 serial port, modem port and a removable keyboard. Its dimensions were: 32.5 x 50 x 36.5 cms, despite having a weight of almost 13 kilograms is considered as the first laptop in history and its release revolutionized the market for personal computers in the world.

  In the right figure shown one of the latest laptops: Apple iBook tries to take mobile computing to all levels of users.

The Advantages of Notebooks

The laptop allows you to work while traveling by plane or train. It also lets take work home instead of staying late at the office.

You can take a laptop to meetings to display information.

TYPES OF LAPTOPS

The Notebook Computer

Sub Notebook Computer

The Micro Computer Pocket

the Laptop

Types of Notebooks

The Notebook Computer: It weighs 6 to 8 pounds and its size is similar to a portfolio of three rings. The notebook computer can perform the same functions as any Desktops.

Notebook Computer Sub: Sub Computer Notebook weighs between 2 and 6 pounds. The sub notebook computers are less powerful and offer less storage spaces and smaller screens that notebooks. This type of laptop is ideal for travelers due to its light weight.

Pocket Micro Computer: A device that weighs less than 1 pound. This type of computer is generally used as a daily organizer.

Laptop: The battery computer (Laptop) is a laptop that weighs between 8 and 10 pounds. This type is now obsolete since there are in the market notebook computers, lighter and better equipped type.

BATTERIES FOR PORTABLE

Batteries

Adapters Alternating Current

Rechargeable Batteries

Control Battery Charging

Types of Batteries

How and when should charge the battery

Batteries for Laptops

The laptop can run through an electrical outlet or battery.

Batteries

Allow use laptop when no electrical outlets available. R For example, you can use a laptop outside a house or on a trip.

Adapters Alternating Current

When a laptop is powered by an electrical outlet, an adapter converts AC household electricity in a way that the laptop can use. Some laptops have a built-in AC adapter inside.

Rechargeable Batteries

His lasts only a few hours recharging payload is possible in a relatively short time. The manufacturers recommend carrying an extra battery if the user operates a portable PC while traveling, so you can work for a period of time.

Control Battery Charging

Most portable displayed on the screen the amount of energy available.

Types of Batteries

BATTERIES NICKEL-CADMIUM (NiCd): These batteries can last for 1 to 1.5 hours. These batteries were the first to be used in laptops, are the oldest and cheapest. NiCd batteries suffer from memory effect, since you have to download them completely, to simply top them again and make the most of their energy.

BATTERIES NICKEL hydride (NIMH): These batteries have a shelf load of 1-2 hours. Water batteries are nickel hydride batteries replaced cadmium, almost completely. Water batteries nickel are more expensive but less toxic, no longer suffer from memory effect and more durable than the hydride-cadmium batteries.

BATTERY LITHIUM-ION: These batteries are the most lasting 2-3 hours and higher production. The lithium-ion batteries are the most durable but more expensive. These do not suffer from memory effect, but take much longer to recharge the nickel of water.

How and when should charge the battery

All laptop batteries are rechargeable. Loaded when the computer or adapter / charger to power even with the computer turned off is connected. The charging time is on average six hours with the computer turned off and 10 hours when on. It is not recommended to exceed these times. Nor is it recommended to always use the connected computer, because that way the battery is always charged and may damage the batteries as chemical reactions take place. The battery life decreases over time so that life fluctuates between 2 and 4 years.

Most of the adapters can be connected to 120 or 240 volts, which can be used in places where the electrical signal is 240 volts, for example in Europe. Cable or adapter is required only with jack.

SCREENS OF PORTABLE

Types of Screens

Screens for Laptops

The screens of laptops are made of liquid crystal. This panel is the same type as used in most digital watches.

The liquid crystal displays use very little electricity and weigh much less than the screens for desktop computers. This reduces the consumption of battery power and makes easier to carry laptops.

The majority of laptop screens have an internal light source is located at the rear or side of the screen. This makes the screen easier to read in low light areas, but this shortens the loading of a battery.

The LCD used in a notebook PC in general are less than 9 inches diagonally and display at least 250 colors at a resolution of 640x480. The higher the resolution of your computer, the better you will see what is on screen.

Types of Screens

The ACTIVE screen also called TFT (Thin Film Transistor) is the best and also the most expensive because each of the 480,000 (800x600) or more dots or pixels is controlled independently, thus offering brighter colors and homogeneous. Also the viewing angle is larger. Further time is less refreshed so they can see moving pictures (animations or videos) almost like a monitor. This type of display is recommended for those who make presentations or want to work in bright places.

The PASSIVE screen control points based on a crossing horizontal and vertical coordinates. They are much cheaper, but quality is lost in the picture and the videos look a bit blurry because an image has not disappeared completely when longer appears as follows. This type of display has been replaced by the following February.

The DualScan or DSTN passive displays screens are enhanced where control is divided image into two parts: Upper and Lower, so it is normal to see a horizontal line at half screen resulting from the junction of the two parts. This screen is inexpensive and is recommended for those who will be working on word processor or spreadsheet in an environment of office lighting.

The HPA (high performance adressing) screens are more advanced than DualScan passive displays.

PC CARD SLOTS AND

Slots PC

The PC Cards

Types of PC Cards

And PC Card Slots

Slots PC

These slots are used to accommodate the network card or to connect accessories such as cards used in digital cameras.

The slots are managed by PC types that relate to the thickness of the device. Type II slots are for thin card and Type III are for thicker cards.

It is important to know that if a computer has two slots for type II, as if automatically have a type III because when entering a card that is thicker than one of the slots used two Type II slots.

The PC Cards

The PC card is similar to a credit card that allows you to add new items to your laptop device.

Adding new items to a laptop adds weight and takes up space. To solve this problem the International Association of Personal Computer Memory (PCMCIA) has designed the PC card, to add new elements to laptops. A PC card is also called the PMCIA card

A PC card allows you to add new elements like these to your notebook:

Capacity Modulator Demodulator (Modem)

Network Capabilities

Additional Hard Disk Space

Digital sound quality

We can insert a PC card into a PC slot. The majority of laptops have two receptacles that accept PC cards.

This allows you to insert:

Two cards type I, or

Two Type II cards, or

A type III card.

Types of PC Cards

The Type I: 3.3 mm thick, this PC card is used to add memory to your laptop.

The type II: 5.0 mm thick this PC card is used to add capabilities Moden laptop, network capabilities and digital quality sound.

The Type III: 10.5 mm thick, this PC card is used to add larger devices such as removable hard disk.

Some PC cards contain multiple functions. A simple PC card can provide, such as digital audio and modem capabilities.

The Type I cards initially were used to add memory, but are being replaced by the new Flash memory card (in size type II) that can store images from a digital camera, these cards can be inserted into a laptop to the data transfer easier.

Most PC Cards are Type II size, the most popular devices are modems and network cards. Type II cards are also used as an interface to external peripherals, these cards are connected to a cable simply the laptop card is inserted to connect.

Ethernet Type II adapters are also available with the interface allowing easier corporate infrastructure.

The first PCMCIA interface (still in use) has a data bus I / S of 16 bits. As technology advanced PCMCIA developing an interface called 32-bit CardBus. The CardBus cards which are not working in a 32bit slot, but can not take advantage of the benefits of the new interface. The CardBus card provides better energy storage and runs at 3.3 volts instead of 5 volts if a card of 16 bits is used. Cards 16 bits running at 8 MHz with a bandwidth of 20 to 30 Mbps, while the CardBus operate at 33 MHz with 400 to 600 Mbps of bandwidth.

INPUT DEVICES AND OUTPUT

keyboard

The Pointers Devices

the Modem

The Portable Printers

the Audio

Devices Input and Output

keyboard

There are certain aspects to consider when buying a laptop, for example size, quality and usually your keyboard. It is wise to purchase portatátiles with small keyboards. Most entry operators must be able to put your fingers comfortably in each key.

The keys are small and portable are closer to each other, to save space. Before buying a laptop, make sure to type some text paragraphs to make sure that the keyboard fits your hands.

The cursor keys: When the cursor position appear in an inverted T. This is the best design to move the mouse pointer on the screen.

The function keys should be limited to operations such as screen brightness, volume control, power management modes and other features typical of a laptop. A Windows key that needs to be accessed using the Fn key is tolerable, but Ctrl accessed in the same way it is not. Furthermore, the space bar must be longer than the Ctrl or Alt keys.

The Pointers Devices

There are several devices that allow you to move the mouse pointer to the length and breadth of the screen.

Wand prompter: Many laptops have a small device, similar to a draft that you press, in different directions to move the pointer on the screen.

The Mouse Stationary or Ball Guide: The mouse ball guide is a device which remains stationary. You turn the ball with your fingers or the palm of the hand to move the mouse pointer on the screen.

The Stationary Mouse that connects to the side of the laptop, can easily fall. Better a computer with one embedded ball.

Touch Pad The touch pad is sensitive to movement and pressure surface. You moved the tip of your finger across the pad to control the mouse pointer on the screen.

The Mouse: A handheld device. When you move the mouse on a flat surface, the mouse pointer on the screen moves in the same direction. The manual mouse is not practical when traveling, because you need a relatively large and flat to manipulate surface.

the Modem

Modem comes from the words modulator / demodulator. For a modem can send data over a telephone line, this signal must modulate, transforming a waveform signal (analog signal). This wave travels the destination modem where it is demodulated to digital data. Speaking specifically of laptops we can distinguish two types of modems: internal and PC Card (PCMCIA or Modems).

Internal modems are either built into the mother board or can be purchased as optional kits for specific models, they have RJ-11 telephone connectors type already included.

The PCMCIA modems are kind of credit card are inserted into the standard PCMCIA slots of current laptops.

Some include type connectors POP-UP (X-Jack), which can break, while others come with cables that can easily be lost and are difficult to replace. However PCMCIA modems have the benefit of being easily installed, replaced or upgraded. So far the fastest modem is 56kbps (kilobits per second). Originally these modems came in two incompatible protocols, the K56 Flex (Rockwell) and X2 3COM.

If you bought an X2 modem, for example, your ISP should have technology X2, otherwise the connection would only 33.6kbps. Now, there is already standard ITU (International Telecomunications Union) called V.90. Any V.90 modem can connect to any Internet service provider to connect to 56K V.90 allowing. Most modems X2 or Kflex are upgradeable via software V.90 protocol.

Because the networks of ISPs are digital phone line and no, technologies are only 56 Kbps downloads (downloads) as uploading files is limited to 33.6 Kbps.

No clutch, if the lower or download information has to go through several exchanges affect the connection speed and transfer. If for some reason you have trouble connecting at speeds of 40 or 50 Kbps, consider returning to a slower and economic modem.

Currently most laptops already include Internal Modem V.90 56Kbps, so you will no longer purchase. However if your computer does not include it in our section you will find PC Cards PCMCIA Modems and replacement cables for most commercial models.

The Portable Printers

You can buy small battery-powered printers to print jobs when traveling.

the Audio

The four main components of an audio system in a laptop are the circuitry, drivers or drivers, input and output jacks and speakers.

The audio circuit usually is integrated into the motherboard of the laptop, so it is not necessary to add a sound card on your machine. These modern chips handle a 16-bit stereo sound and digital quality similar to CDs, but not all sound the same, to manage audio and MIDI, there are major differences.

To play CD-quality audio chip uses a digital to analog converter (DAC). Cheap DAC converters are noisy, and the most expensive and best can be noisy only when the manufacturer puts them next to some circuits that generate interference. The best way to know if a DAC is good is listening. MIDI files (numbers representing the height of the sound, voice and duration of musical notes) is handled as a simple audio with FM synthesis, in which the chips simulate the instrumental sound, these results are often poor. Best MIDI audio system designs recreate wavetable, which is a bank real instrumental sound stored in RAM or ROM.

If within the circuit characteristics of sound from a portable one wavetable synthesizer is included, it's like a good sound converter DAC had.

The drivers or drivers can significantly affect the way audio. Most notebooks tend to cut low and high frequencies, resulting in poor audio playback. The drivers can help by adding some EQ. To find out if a machine drivers allow this, should checarse the Windows volume control from advanced controls containing Bass and Treble settings.

The input and output jacks for audio in a portable vary significantly. For entry of hearing aids have some use, should not be on double duty as a line-out jack. Such devices only send a signal to connect to powered speakers. We recommend finding a laptop with jacks for headphones and separate output line. Also include input lines and separated by none can do the work of another microphone.

STORAGE DEVICES

The HDD

Floppy drive

The CD-ROM

The Storage Devices

The HDD

It is the primary device to a laptop used to store programs and information. Buy the disk drive larger than this at your fingertips. The new programs and information fill the hard drive quickly. Most laptops must have at least one storage space capacity of 10 GB.

Hard drives contain discs or plates reinforced with a magnetized metal cover. When disks are working, the read-write heads move to the center of the disc and return, magnetizing the surface, and storing zeros and ones as data. The more discs have greater storage capacity. Each disc has its own read-write heads. Data is stored in concentric tracks, which are divided into sectors.

The vertical arrangement of tracks are called cylinders. Access speed and to obtain a portable data depends on the rotation of the disks, the average search interface and the data transmission time. The rotation time is the time the drive takes to find the right sector of a disk to rotate under their respective heads. The faster you turn the dial, the less time waiting.

Recovery time data is similar in most laptops that their discs rotate at similar speeds (4,800 RPM on average). The average search time depends on the time it takes to read-write head to move to the right position on the right track. Seek time is approximately 12 milliseconds on a laptop, where the positions of the read and write heads are more critical than in a desktop. The interface data transfer in most notebook works with a protocol of direct memory access (Direct Memory Access, DMA) which allows a maximum transfer rate of 16.6MB / sec. A new interface called Ultra-DMA double this speed. As portable hard drives have many variations, the manufacturers have to add them protective hard drives and computers themselves.

Now, we have built new hard drives that support high capacities, such as disks Travel Star of IBM. These discs overcame the barrier of 3.6GB per square inch on each of its 2.5-inch hard drives. Discs 12, 15, 18, 20 and up to 32GB can be installed in the latest models of notebooks due to the architecture supported by the Pentium II. Some not so new notebooks (Pentium, Pentium MMX, etc.) can support hard drives up to 10GB to 12GB using a driver that is installed on the drive (for software) allowing to recognize these skills, but several partitions or logical drives.

Diskette Unit

The reading unit floppy disk, floppy or floppy usually comes built into the computer. Some models handle this unit separately. The drawbacks are that the handle and requires greater care unit and is in danger of going astray.

The United CD-ROM

The unit of reading CD, CD-ROM, like the floppy, can come built into the computer or not; also requires the same care as a floppy drive separate from the computer.

PROCESSING

Processors

Memory

Processing

Processors

The central processing unit (CPU) is the most important circuit of a laptop. This instruction performs calculations and processes.

As you descend from the graph, the execution of the CPU and the cost increases. His final decision depends on your budget and the use we will give.

Few manufacturers specify if the notebook contains a special processor for laptop or desktop computer chip. There is a difference between these two types of processors in their performance and how they manage energy. Generally, a processor for desktop is long, warm and energy intensive. Designed to take advantage of the cooler fan power output and the space available on PCs, ceramic chips run better on desktop computers. A processor for a laptop or (TCP), is designed for small spaces embonar on a laptop.

The TCP processors measure only 29mm and are as thin as a dime, while a standard processor measures 49mm and is five times thicker. TCP processor 1g are much lighter than 55 grams chips for desktops. TCP chips in minimizing possible because they are delineated on a piece of membrane or small and thin ribbon. The pins that connect to the membrane transistors are soldered directly to the motherboard or a MMO card.

Energy is an additional problem and management of data traffic has to be controlled more carefully. For these reasons, the performance of type portable desktop chips leaves much to be desired. In addition, because ceramic chips use more power and require fans, these downloading faster processors for portable batteries. To correct this development cards for Intel processors MMO (Mobile Modules Operation) in their Pentium II and III processors.

The heart of TCP is Tillamook, the first processor based on 0.25 micron technology, and uses less than 2 volts. The MMO also contains a pair of L2 cache controllers and controller system chipset. AMD has also dabbled in making your mobile K6 processors. Faster than a Pentium MMX, K6 standard is able to confront the most powerful chip. But of course, the fastest chip in a laptop is the Mobile Pentium III, although the economic family Intel Celeron processors are also handled.

Roughly differences between a Celeron and a Pentium processor is that the first is focused on who first acquires a computer, performs basic operations such as email, word processing and Web browsing, whereas the Pentium allows more experienced in the area of technology downloading images or heavy graphics and more complex variety of applications users.

The new Intel Mobile Pentium III processor is faster, smaller and more flexible than exists today, this includes Speed Step technology. Operates at speeds up to 750 MHz using this technology. Speed Step technology with your laptop running business applications and for complex Internet with a speed almost similar to its counterpart in a desktop. When the notebook battery works, the speed is reduced from 750 to 500MHz for increased battery life. When connected to power resumes its speed. In addition, they already have 0.18-micron technology, enabling lighter and less power consumption portable.

Memory

The computers need to store data temporarily for use in certain applications. This is through two types of memory, cache and system. Both types rely on RAM internal transistors and capacitors that store binary values of zeros and ones, and both are volatile, which means that the data stored on them disappear at the time the computer is turned off.

The Flash memory is a type of rewritable nonvolatile solid state that works either as a hard disk or memory. This means that the data is stored in memory cells, DRAM type, but also works as hard as when the computer is turned off, the data remains. Currently, the uses of Flash Memory are rapidly increasing in digital cameras, Portable Digital Assistants, digital music players or cell phones.

as Connections

Connections to a Portable Devices

The Port Monitor

It's where a monitor is connected normal size.

The Parallel Port

The printer or the tape drive is connected.

The Serial port

It is where we connect the scanner, modem or mouse.

The Port PS / 2

Connect a full-size keyboard or a mouse.

The Port Port Replicator

Connects to a port replicator

USB port

The Universal Serial Bus (USB) is one of the most efficient ways to add external devices to a laptop. Virtually all new laptops have one or two USB ports.

USB allows daisy-chain up to 127 peripherals. If you do not have a large chain or your device does not have enough ports can obtain a USB hub with USB input and multiple outputs. Some monitors are manufactured to USB hubs, but the video signals can not be sent through a USB port, thus requiring a VGA cable.

The USB provides power for most peripherals, greatly reducing the amount of voltage adapters. Some USB devices like printers require separate streams of energy. Does not require restart the computer after connecting or disconnecting a device, this is called "hot-swapping".

Once a USB device peripherals can be connected anytime, Windows automatically detects connected. Note that since Windows 98 Second Edition, these devices can be supported on computers.

The bandwidth of USB, allows the use of two types of devices: low-speed devices (keyboards, mice, etc.) to 1.5 Mbps and high speed devices (cameras, scanners) to 12Mbps. This is an amazing speed purchased with the typical serial port (115 kbps). Obviously, this speed of 12 Mbps is shared, which means it is not possible to have two scanners simultaneously transmitting data at that speed.

The Infrared port

To transmit binary digital data through a beam of infrared light (IR), the data must be before modulated.

The computer sends data to an IR transmitter and internal decoder represents each zero with an electric pulse and a pulsation. These pulses are sent to the infrared transmitter, which transmits through the air as a wave infrared (IR) energy. A transmitter / receiver in another machine IR pulses can receive through a photo sensitive IR sensor and convert them to binary ones and zeros with a decoder completing the transfer.

The protocol used for this type of transfer is called Infrared Link Access Protocol (IrLAP), which has two transmitter / receivers to establish a link, keeping communication among them and preventing the two devices try to communicate at once.

The IrLAP protocol was established by the Infrared Data Association (IrDA), its standard 1.0 allows IrLAP transmit data to a range of 115 kbps. The IrDA 1.0 is being replaced by the IrDA 1.1 or Fast Infrared (FIR), which operates at a speed of 4Mbps (about 35 times faster). The most popular use of the IR port is to transfer files from one machine to another. Windows 95 has the basic drivers of IR which allow a direct cable connection (tedious), wirelessly, but it is much easier to get a file transfer program. For transfers between laptops and desktops is also required of an infrared adapter to the PC. This device comes as a PCI card, which stands outside an IR device. Some printers include IR transmitters, or they can be added, allowing wireless printing. Also, existing network connections that allow infrared wireless network connections.

Base stations

For some laptops may be the ideal replacement for desktop computers. If you do not need a super powerful computer, a laptop is an economical choice for mobile or stationary users. So you do not waste time plugging and unplugging your laptop peripheral ports such as mouse, printer or monitor, use a port replicator, mini dock, or base stations is good choice.

The port replicators (port replicators) and mini docks contain the exact ports that you can find on a laptop. This little box can be permanently connected to the peripheral ports when connecting your laptop only connects to the port replicator. This protects fragile port connectors typical of normal use laptop to connect and disconnect repeatedly.

The complete base stations may be more complex than port replicators; added some powerful speakers, additional ports E / S, additional units as CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, floppy drives and expansion ports. Although more expensive than port replicators, for its additional features worth investing in them.

If your laptop does not have an option for available base stations, you can get a universal base station. These work through a PCMCIA interface, which connects and immediately added to the system and peripheral units connected to the base station.

The need for base stations tends to disappear, since the PC cards offer a simpler to extend the training computer way.

CONCLUSION

Nobody wants to go through life carrying a desktop computer, why Adam Osborne created the first lightweight laptop, a small device that can be carried anywhere. The processor is the brain of the computer so the better it is, so is the response speed of the computer.

Since the screen of a laptop is made of liquid crystal as it weighs much less than the material used for desktop screens. We must note that these screens are delicate and costly replacement, so it is advisable not to lean or place heavy objects on it.

Batteries are very important as they allow you to use the laptop when no electrical outlets available. Several types of pointing devices for laptops such as: the pointing stick, mouse, ball guide, the touchpad and you can connect the mouse we all know even that is not very practical for travel.

Importantly, the addition of new elements to a portable adds weight and takes up space. So the "PC Card" was designed. This card takes up little space since it is similar to a credit card and is very useful because it allows us to add multiple items at once.

At this time, computers have been adapted to almost every aspect of modern life. Since control car engines to buy in supermarkets. Ever faster and new machines are created. Although these technologies are the latest are the old machines of the future.

OPERATING SYSTEMS

To try to understand the requirements of an operating system and the significance of the main features of a contemporary operating system, it is useful to consider how these have evolved over time.

There are different approaches or versions as they have evolved Operating Systems The first of these versions could be this:

In the 40's, bitwise programs are introduced, through mechanical switches and then the working machine language introduced by punch cards.

     With the first computers from the late 40s to mid 50s, the programmer interacted directly with the hardware of the computer, there was not really an operating system; the first computers used bulbs, data entry and programs are conducted through the machine language (bits) or through switches.

During the 50's and 60's.- In the early 50's, the company's General Motors implanted the first operating system for IBM 170. They begin to punched cards which allow users to arise (which at the time were programmers, designers, entry clerks, etc.), take care to modify their programs. Establecian or deviated time metian or entered their programs, corrected and scrubbed their programs at the time. This was called serial work. All this resulted in lost time and times of excessive programs.

In the 60's and 70's the integrated circuit is generated, jobs are organized and Batch processes are generated (batch), which is to identify common work and perform them all together at one time. At this time the tape drives and program loader, which is considered as the first type of OS arise.

In the 80's, I start INTERNET boom in the United States of America. In the late 80's began the boom and evolution of Operating Systems. The concept of multiprogramming that involves having loaded into memory to several jobs at the same time, the main theme of today's operating systems is discovered.

The 90's and the future, we entered the era of distributed computing and multiprocessing through multiple computer networks, using the processor cycle.

It will have a dynamic configuration with instant recognition device and software anada or delete networks through registration processes and pagers.

The connectivity is facilitated by open standards and protocols by organizations such as the International Organization standards, open software foundation, everything will be more controlled by the OSI communication protocols and network services ISDN digital systems.

      Has developed another version, which has been based on stages or generations:

     1a. Stage (1945-1955): Bulbs and connections.

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After unsuccessful efforts of Babbage, there was little progress in the construction of digital computers until World War II. Halfway through the decade of the 40's, Howard Aiken (Harvard), John Von Newman (Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton), J. Eckert and R. Williams Prespe Mauchley (University of Pennsylvania), also Conrad Zuse (Germany), among others managed to build machines calculation using bulbs. These machines were huge and filled entire rooms with tens of thousands of bulbs, but they were much slower than the most economical home computer in our days.

All programming is carried out in absolute machine language and often connections are used to control the basic functions of the machine. Programming languages were unknown (even assembly language). No oia Operating Systems usual mode of operation consisted of the programmer reserved certain period on a sheet of reservation against the wall, was the fourth of the machine, inserted his connection to the computer and spent a few hours hoping that none of 20,000 or more bulbs are burned during the execution. The vast majority of the problems were straightforward numerical calculations, for example, calculating values for tables of sines and cosines.

At the beginning of the decade of the 50's the routine I improve a little with the introduction of punched cards. It was then possible to write programs and read instead of inserting links, so other process was the same.

     2a. Stage. (1955-1965): Transistors and Batch Processing Systems.

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The introduction of the transistor in the mid 50s radically modified the landscape. Computers became reliable so that they could be manufactured and sold to customers, with the hope that they continue to function well enough to perform work in shape.

Given the high cost of equipment, it is not surprising that people sought by fast as other ways to reduce the time invested. The solution that usually I was adopted, was the system of batch processing.

     3rd Stage (1965-1980): integrated circuits and multiprogramming.

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The IBM 360 was the first main line of computers that use integrated circuits, which provided a great advantage in price and performance with respect to the second generation machines built from individual transistors. We worked with an enormous and extraordinarily complex operating system. Despite its huge size and its problems the operating system of the IBM 360 line and like this generation operating systems produced by other manufacturers of computers might actually meet in a reasonable manner to most customers. They also popularized several key techniques absent from the operating systems of the second generation, of which the most important was that of multiprogramming.

Another feature was the ability to read the cards work to disk as soon as he got to the fourth computing. Thus always to conclude a working operating system could load a new job in the partition disk was left vacant and run.

     The 4th Stage (1980-Present): Personal computers.

An interesting development that began to take place in the mid-eighties decade has been the growth of personal computer networks, network operating systems and distributed operating systems.

In network operating systems, users are aware of the existence of several computers and can connect to remote machines and copy files from one machine to another. Each machine runs its own local operating system and has its own user.

By contrast, a distributed operating system is one that appears to its users as a traditional single processor system, even if is composed of multiple processors. In a distributed real system, users need not be aware of where your program to run or where your files are located; this should be handled automatically and efficiently by the operating system.